Ronald Reagan s Speech At The Washington Hilton Hotel

On March 30, 1981 Ronald Reagan is giving a speech at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington D.C. John Hinckley Jr. is waiting outside the hotel with the intent to impress the young actress Jodie Foster, who he had fallen in love with after watching the movie Taxi Driver His plan to impress her was to kill the president of the United States Ronald Reagan. As Reagan was leaving the hotel after his speech John Hinckley approaches Reagan pulling out a 22. Pistol Hinckley fires six shots hitting 4 men including Reagan, police officer Thomas K. Delahanty, press secretary James Brady, and secret servicemen Tim McCarthy. Hinckley is apprehended by authorities was found not guilty by reasons of insanity and was then placed in a mental hospital in Washington D.C.(O’Reily Dugard) This was one of many defining moments in Reagan’s life and all moments help him become the man he was. Ronald Wilson Reagan Was the most influential and charismatic presidents of the United States of America. â€Å"Ronald Reagan was an unaccountably modest and good natured soul. He seemed untouched by the arrogance and self-regard common to actors and politician† (Gibb). He had his chance to go to college at Eureka College thanks to a scholarship he had won that would pay half of his tuitions. Reagan had to wash dishes to pay for his meals and as soon as Reagan made it to college the new president of the college attempted to cut back the faculty. In response Reagan helped organize a student strike as a resultShow MoreRelatedIs Ronald Reagan Under or Overrated as a President? Essay675 Words   |  3 Pages Is Ronald Reagan overrated or underrated as a president? Born Ronald Wilson Reagan on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. He was an actor for 30 years before he became involved in politics. He starred in more than 50 movies. Along with acting, he was also a radio sportscaster. He served as the 33rd Governor of California. He was married to Jane Wyman from 1940 to 1949. He married Nancy Davis in 1952. President Ronald Reagan was our 40th president of the United States. He came intoRead MoreKilling Reagan By Bill O Reilly And Martin Dugard1601 Words   |  7 PagesKilling Reagan was wrote by Bill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard as a part of their series to talk about the deaths, assassination, and near deaths of certain historical people. O’Reilly and Dugard write about the events leading up to the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan including discussing the attempted assassin, John Hinckley, and the events after up until his death. The authors present the viewpoint as if one were there to witness the lives of the people in the book. Killing Reagan talks aboutRead MoreRonald Reag As Government Expands, Liberty Contracts Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesEthan Martin Martin 1 Mrs. Langerot English 4 October 14, 2015 Ronald Wilson Reagan â€Å"As government expands, liberty contracts(Ronald Reagan Quotes). Those who know anything about Modern Politics in the United States know that Ronald Reagan is the poster child and founder of today s Conservatism. Today s Conservatism is at its core a hybrid between the Conservatism of Theodore Roosevelt and that of the Libertarianism of Thomas Jefferson. Libertarians believe that theRead MoreRonald Reag The President Of The United States1787 Words   |  8 Pages202 20 November 2015 Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 thru 1989. Reagan became a movie actor in his twenties and later became the governor of California from 1967 thru 1975. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesnot permitted to talk to one another. Their job was to concentrate fully on the task at hand. Few employees could adapt to this system, and they developed ways of talking out of the sides of their mouths, like ventriloquists, and invented a form of speech that became known as the â€Å"Ford Lisp.†13 Ford’s obsession with control brought him into greater and greater conï ¬â€šict with managers, who often were ï ¬ red when they disagreed with him. As a result, many talented people left Ford to join a growing number

A Comparison Of Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo...

A Comparison of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Beliefs concerning Simplicity, the Value and Potential of Our Soul, and Our Imagination.Henry David Thoreau tests Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas about nature by living at Walden Pond, where he discovers that simplicity in physical aspects brings deepness to our mind, our soul to its fullest potential, and our imagination to be uplifted to change our lives. These two men believe that nature is what forces us not to depend on others’ ideas but to develop our own. Nature is ever changing so we must keep searching for explanations about human life. They feel that nature is the key to knowing all.Thoreau lives at Walden Pond to find the true meaning of life. He wants to experience†¦show more content†¦He has deeper thoughts. Like Emerson, Thoreau also wanted to live a simple life, in order to find deeper meaning in life. Thoreau says, quot;I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartanlike as to put to rout all that was not life, ... and reduce it to its lowest termsquot; (Thoreau 235). Thoreau also says, quot;We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon usquot; (Thoreau 237). This means that some things which we believe make our lives simpler actually make it more complicated. Both Emerson and Thoreau believe that in order to find deep meaning in life, you must live simply.In addition to living simply, both men believe in the value of the soul. Thoreau goes to the woods to contemplate life and to get in touch with his soul He wants to get in touch with his soul. He wants to, quot;get the whole and genuine meanness of itquot; (Thoreau 235). Emerson similarly says, quot;the one thing in the world of value is the active soulquot; (Emerson 218). He also tells of the soul’s quot;boundless resourcesquot; (Emerson 218). All people have a soul, however, not everyone’s soul is active. The resources of the soul are immense and go far beyond our highest imagination. We do not know our soul’s potential, however, we do know that it is almost immeasurable.Finally, both men believe that the imagination can uplift and change our lives.Show MoreRelatedChris Mccandless Was A Transcendental Person Or Not?2024 Words   |  9 Pagesyou must first must understand what transcendentalism is before you can decide whether or not Chris McCandless was a transcendental person or not. The key things to know about transcendentalism is its core beliefs, those who â€Å"found† transcendentalism and their differences, and how these beliefs from these founders differed from what McCandless did during his transcendental trip. So, did Chris McCandless leave everything behind to become transcendental and die as a transcendentalist or was he a foolRead MoreHenry David Thoreau: The Grat Transcendentalist Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesHenry David Thoreau along with a select grou p of people propelled the short movement of transcendentalism during the 1830s to the 1850s and was later brought up during the Vietnam War. Many of the transcendentalist ideas came from student who attended Harvard University during this time period. Henry David Thoreau’s individualistic anarchist views on society were developed throughout his early life and later refined in his years of solitude; these views on society and government are directly expressedRead MoreMakenzie Mcfall. Mrs. South. Language Arts 11 . 2 February1788 Words   |  8 PagesMakenzie McFall Mrs. South Language Arts 11 2 February 2017 Henry David Thoreau Things do not change, we change, wrote Thoreau, in perhaps his most well known book, Walden. He was a most interesting man and lived a life full of changes and his works are still relevant today. Thoreau did not follow the traditional paths that most did during his time. The results of a life lived on its on merits and free to explore and adapt has provided us with invaluable writings that are relevant today.Read MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1604 Words   |  7 Pagespar. 1) Henry David Thoreau reminds us about the importance of simplicity, authenticity, and downright disobedience. Born July 12, 1817, just west of Boston in Concord, Massachusetts, his father operated a pencil factory and his mother rented rooms out to boarders. Thoreau graduated in 1837 from Harvard College, but did not take on assumed careers in law or medicine, he went on into education. After a failed attempt at teaching he befriended American philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was a

Existential Therapy Death, Freedom Self-Awareness Free Essays

Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness Some people rely on others to validate who they are, and to give them meaning. However, they must realize that they are alone in this world and they must find meaning from within themselves and not from others. Nevertheless, for many people being alone causes anxiety in which people feel that their life has no meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person can become aware of who they are but not accept who they are while being alone. Existential therapy helps people to look within and find a way to cope with their emotional experiences they have encountered in order to recover from them.When individuals learn to love themselves and be content with themselves, they will then know how to love others. Existential therapy is different from other theories. It is therapy to help people understand that they are the authors of their own life and that they are free to choose how they respond to it. The important factors of existential therapy are getting the client to find personal meaning and truths. Taking responsibility for any decisions, he/she makes. Being able to live in the present and not the past: getting the client to experience life by living in the moment.Tolerating anxiety, as a part of life, this will reoccur throughout life. Finally, to help clients understand and accept death and a greater gain of self-awareness. Death and Meaning The only absolutes are life and death. Many people give death too much power by fearing it, instead of embracing it. â€Å"Death is often one of the most powerful forces which keeps us from truly living† (Hoffman, 2004). When a person sincerely accepts death, they realize that their purpose in life is to do something meaningful by helping others.By dealing with death through the loss of loved ones and friends, I have learned to appreciate life and use my time here on earth wisely. As a little child, I was always afraid to die, due to my parents dying at a young age. I just knew I would die early too. Eventually after witnessing so many deaths year after year, I could no longer be afraid. The anxiety was so strong at one point I would have nightmares. , However, after losing my husband I grew to be content with death and love life much harder.Not to just love life but to live for each moment, not looking in the past but looking towards the future, what can I do now to help humanity. If we question ourselves on what we would do if death would come on a certain day, it would sincerely change people’s attitude about dying and change them in a way to live more freely. Moreover, in order to accept death one must find meaning. Meaning asks questions like, who are we, what will we become, and what is our purpose for being here? Unfortunately, it took death and pain to help me realize what my purpose in life was which is helping people.Helping people to cope with their issues gives me more reason to live. Freedom and Responsibility Individuals are free to choose to do good or bad, right or wrong. Being free means that people are accountable for their own actions and that they have to live with the decisions they make. When we choose to act in a certain way, we should not blame others for the way we act. People have full control over their emotions so we need to take full responsibility for our own actions, how we live our lives, and not make excuses for what we did not do. However, with freedom there is much responsibility.When clients do not want to accept responsibility a counselor will then encourage the client to reflect on his or her life and find meaning and/or their purpose of living. Since we are free, we cannot blame others for our problems. As stated in the eighth edition of the Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (Corey, 2009), while people claim they desire freedom, the existential belief declares that most will try to escape this freedom. People do this in order to avoid responsibility of making choices, (p. p. 140-141). People have to live for themselves and make their own decisions and to take charge of their lives.If a person commits a crime than that person cannot blame their upbringing or society for being the reasons of committing the crime, they themselves committed the crime so they will suffer the consequences for their actions. Self-Awareness Self-awareness is a person’s ability to know who they are fully. The more we know ourselves the more we grow. The more we grow the more freedom we have to choose and make good choices. When we are fully aware we can accept that no matter what we have been through in life, those circumstance do not define who we are.Dealing with pain and suffering for many years I have let go of what I experienced (holding on does not help with counseling), however learning to handle situations helped me to react differently and live free from any anxieties. It is up to people to want to progress from their old way of thinking and adapt to a new ones (this is how we make better choices), we cannot get better even with therapy if we do not find a way to do so. Strengths and Weaknesses Existential therapy focuses on the concepts of death, meaning, and purpose, which are all critical issues that play an important part of human existence.Counselors seek to help not train the clients to do better, client’s progress on their own terms. Clients learn to cope with being alone and not seek support from others around them. It teaches clients to understand anxiety because it will always be a part of our lives but knowing how to deal with it helps make us better people. Counselors are open-mind to different issues and can handle all types of attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. Weaknesses to this type of therapy: Melton (2010) states that, â€Å"a major criticism that this approach lacks a systematic statement of the principles and practices of psychotherapy. How to cite Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness, Papers

Assfarts Essay Example For Students

Assfarts Essay In Jane Ere by Charlotte Bronze, Jane underwent exile on her own terms in order to follow her own moral compass. In the process of her own exile, Jane faced the emotional struggle of leaving love and passion behind and became enriched with the rewards of independence and the new presence of a family. Throughout the book, Canes life was riddled with different instances of exile and migration from place to place. Some of the most crucial aspects of her character development were her departures from the many places she spent her life in. Gathered, Elwood, and Threefold were all examples of how Jane exiled herself and spent her life in different places, molding her life With different experiences at each location. The exile that was perhaps the most emotionally difficult but enriching was her departure from Dethroned. Her leaving Edward Rochester and Threefold was the most emotionally straining decision she had to make but it eventually made her a more complete and content individual. After Jane heard the news that Rochester already had wife in Bertha, Jane was forced onto the decision of whether to fall into a bigamous relationship or to follow her own principles and be true to herself. She didnt what to upset Rochester and she doubted that she would ever find someone that loved her as much as he did but at the same time she wanted to have self-respect. With great difficulty, she quickly left Thrilled and all the while resisting her love for Rochester. Her self- exile from Threefold, a place that she had become accustomed to and a place where she first felt a semblance of requited love, represented a first home of rots. Her separation from a place of comfort and her separation from someone she still loved was a pivotal moment for her and continued the pattern to gloom and misfortune that occurred throughout the novel for Jane up until she arrived at Moor house. Her stay at Moor House soon tended to her emotional wounds Of exile from Threefold and her love. This stay acted as an enriching period for Jane, replacing emotions Of loss With family and newfound independence. Jane discovered 3 family in Moor House like no other she had in her life. The Rivers, Diana and Mary, became close Wither her, enriching Canes life With a different type Of love and providing the family that she never had with the Reeds or at Elwood. Jane, throughout her life sought love and family in some fashion and finally found it in the Rivers. She had very few female friends during her life and only Helen Burns and Miss Temple would fall in the category. Diana and Mary were not only close to her but ended up actually being her cousins, giving Jane actual loving relatives. Jane also eventually received the inheritance from her dead uncle, adding to her enrichment in another way. She became more financially independent and became more financially equal to her peers. All of her experiences at Moor house made her more independent and a more content individual. They contributed to the steady growth taken that is so central to the novel and the gradual independence she gains from Rochester that made her a more complete individual.

Twin Oaks Intentional Community Ethnographic Analysis

Brazil Economic Development and Conserve the Environment

Brazil Economic Development and Conserve the Environment Introduction Brazil is the second, fifth-largest country in the world geographically and in terms of population. In this view, Brazil epitomizes on the ongoing global tension pitying biodiversity preservation against sustainable agricultural practices and economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Brazil Economic Development and Conserve the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to current statistics, Brazil is a critical emerging economic power, which has a GDP of US$6040 billion and a GDP per capita of US$326.21 billion in 2004 (European Commission, 2007). The country’s environment is one of the richest in the world because of not only flora and fauna, but also because of its ecosystems, which contain an excess of 15 % of the plant and animal species known to botanists (Saxena, 2005). The country is the source of water, and also a water table of up to 12% of the available fr eshwater worldwide Brazil is also undoubtedly one of the leading producers of food and biofuels in Latin America and globally (Ferreira, Pardini, Metzger, Fonseca, Pompeu, Sparovek, Louzada, 2012). To maintain the trend of food production, the country should try to institute measures that aim at reducing the negative effects of poor farming methods, while improving farming practices. Therefore, this paper discusses how sustainable and productive agricultural practices can be used to promote economic development and conserve the environment, and thus prevent the occurrence of vicious cycle in Brazil. Component One Vicious cycle is an agricultural problem that is facing Brazil. Ascher and Healy (1990) used this concept to demonstrate the complex interrelationships among four critical facets of socio-physical production, which are economic production, distribution of income, natural resources, and the environment. Concerning the explanation of the relationship between economic develop ment and environmental conservation, it is clear that industrial production is the level, source, and composition of goods, and services generated by the economy at any point in time among the four facets of production. The four facets of production include functional distribution, size distribution among recipients of different levels of income, distribution of in-kind income such as government services or gratifications from an environmental quality, as well as regional income distribution.Advertising Looking for critical writing on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Available literature demonstrates that such facets of production have adverse impacts on biodiversity and the conservation of ecosystems in the country (Jain, 1998). Hence, the policymakers should incorporate environmental conservation measures into agricultural development to enhance optimization of agricultural production. Compone nt Two In spite of the issue of vicious cycle, Brazil is on the verge of achieving long-term economic development because of effective exploitation of natural resources. According to European Commission (2007), â€Å"the dense tropical rainforest of the Amazon, the important biomes of the Savannah-like Cerrado, the arid scrublands of the Caatinga, the Pampas, and the wetlands of the Pantanal† are some of the natural resources endowed to Brazil (p. 11). Given that agricultural exports comprise about 28% of total exports, the government has prioritized agriculture as an important economic activity. However, massive deforestation, use of pesticides, application of fertilizers, and use of other agricultural chemicals threatens productivity (Ferreira, et al., 2012, p. 536). On this basis, poor agricultural practices have the capacity to ignite and perpetuate vicious cycle. Component Three Additionally, it emerges that the urge to achieve sustained economic development has catapult ed policymakers into availing huge tracts of previously virgin land for cultivation aimed at increasing agricultural yield. Although a sizeable proportion of farmers are employing modern practices to increase acreage and agricultural output, many are still using poisonous pesticides and farming practices that contribute substantially to soil erosion and degradation. Vladas (2008) argues that policymakers in Brazil should realize that another vicious cycle between economic development and income distribution could occur in the near future as long as farmers in the North East regions of the country continue to use harmful farming practices. Consequently, one can suggest that a vicious cycle between economic development and environmental degradation has already startedAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Brazil Economic Development and Conserve the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Component Four In t he Brazilian context, it is evident that attempts by the government and other stakeholders to enhance the country’s economic development through agricultural expansion have continued to generate a multiple environmental externalities. The government should encourage farmers to employ environmental conservation practices such as reduction of biological diversity, prevention of soil erosion in rural farming areas, conservation of watershed and natural resources, and prevention of soil and habitat degradation. Farmers should also be included in the process of implementing the environment conservation policies and good farming methods since they are the prime stakeholders in the field of agriculture (Clement, 2005). Therefore, the country must introduce conservation measures and ensure their implementation by the farmers as well as other players in the agricultural industry. Vicious Cycle The way forward for environmental policymakers in Brazil, therefore, is to put in place stro ng institutional policies for managing resources and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the agricultural sector. Water (2008) argues that the government, in conjunction with relevant stakeholders, must act promptly to break the vicious cycle between economic development and environmental degradation by coming up with educational and awareness programs targeting farmers who use inferior farming methods to enhance their agricultural output. Additionally, it is imperative for the government to develop clear management objectives and implementation of existing policies effectively (Carneiro Danton, 2011). Development and implementation of appropriate agricultural policies are central to sustainability of productive agriculture and in prevention of the vicious cycle in agricultural sector. Conclusion For Brazil to achieve economic development, it has to embrace the policies of environmental conservation and implement them effectively. Since agriculture is the backbone of the count ry’s economy, it essential to improve productivity in a sustainable manner to support the livelihoods of farmers in Brazil.Advertising Looking for critical writing on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is noteworthy that the success of these environmental conservation measures is highly dependent on the extent to which stakeholders encourage farmers to practice good farming practices. Owing to laxity in the implementation of conservation policies results in the continuation of harmful and destructive methods of farming that are detrimental to the sustainability of the environment, and thus resulting in vicious cycle. References Ascher. W., Healy, R.G. (1990). Natural resource policymaking in developing countries: Environment, economic growth, and income distribution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Carneiro, J., Danton, T. (2011). Agriculture and biodiversity in the Brazilian social Sciences: A possible state of the art scenario innovation. The European Journal of Social Science, 24(3), 225-246. Clement, A. (2005). The economics of a safe minimum standard of conservation. The  American Journal of Agriculture, 60(24), 10-18. European Commission (2007). Country strategy paper 2007-2013. Web. Ferreira, J., Pardini, R., Metzger, J.P., Fonseca, C.R., Pompeu, P.S., Sparovek, G., Louzada, J. (2012). Towards environmentally sustainable agriculture in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities for applied ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(1), 1-23. Jain, C. (1998). Agricultural Intensification by Smallholders in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Regional Science, 15(2), 55-60. Saxena, D. (2005). Agricultural development in Uttah. The Geographer, 32(1), 20-28. Vladas, G. (2008). Conservation of Environment. Journal of Environmental Physiology  23(1), 21-32 Walter, C. (2008). Overview of India’s Agricultural Economy. Asia Pacific Development  Journal, 10(2), 15-20.

Business Research Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Business Research Analysis - Essay Example However, due to an increase in the intensity of competition within the tourism industry, it is essential to look into the level of customer satisfaction. In order to carry out the same the study has used a questionnaire survey among the existing customers of the company. The questionnaire is described below in the appendix section of the project (Questionnaire Appendix 1.) PART I (b) Distribution Method and Associated Documents As mentioned above, the study intends to examine the level of customer satisfaction among the existing customers of the company. In order to do so, a questionnaire survey will be used by the company. However, only the development of questionnaire will not serve the purpose it needs to be distributed properly so as to ensure higher response rate. Presently the company has 3200 registered customers in the data base. Among the total numbers of customers around 20% i.e. 640 customers will be contacted by post. The remaining 80% of the customers will be approached via e-mail. The respondents will be sent an email with the attachment of the questionnaire. The customers will be asked to reply back with their responses. ... However, the SMS will not disclose the incentives to be provided but will notify about a guaranteed prize. The incentives to be offered to the customers for taking part in the survey will be flat 20% discount in the next trip. Furthermore 3 lucky respondents will get digital camera from the company, 10 lucky winners will get travel bags and 20 lucky respondents will win 8 GB memory stick. With such lucrative offers, it is expected that the company will be able to achieve at least 30% overall response. The coding plan as well as other supported documents such as consent form, confidentiality forms etc. that are to be sent to the customers are presented in the Appendix section of the study. PART I (c) Critical Evaluation of the Questionnaire Tours and Travel industry is one of the rapidly growing industries of the world. This is probably the only industry which is least impacted by the external business situation. Although, economic crisis and financial downturn reduces the growth rate of this industry, but it maintains a steady growth rate despite of several unwanted situations. According to reports, tourism is one of the major contributors to the national economy of a country. Due to the robust growth of travel and tourism industry, the level of job creation is growing at a robust pace accounting to one and half times faster than the other industries. It is one of the labour intensive industries of the world and employs around 200 million people worldwide. There are several forms of tourism namely sustainable tourism, eco tourism, pro-poor tourism, medical tourism, recession tourism, educational tourism, dart tourism, creative tourism, and doom tourism among others. This project intends to shed light on the

International Relations College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations College - Essay Example Two such people are economist Amatya Sen and medical anthropologist Paul Farmer. Their experiences and observations regarding the state of the poor and deprived people today inspired the two authors to write and publish their works that they hope will enlighten the people of the world. Amatya Sen's composition is entitled 'Development as Freedom' while Farmer had 'Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor'. Both works reveal how deep the deterioration of society has reached. In the two compositions, we hear of true life stories that detail how many of our kind are suffering and how some had their life cut short unnecessarily. Sen calls for social development as a way to give the people the freedom to develop their selves and contribute to the development of society in general. He emphasizes the need to pursue enhanced literacy, accessible and affordable health care, the empowerment of women, and the free flow of information because these are the ingredients which will ultimately deliver us the kind of development we envision. In the course of his medical practice, Farmer came to know of the many tragedies afflicting other people. In his book, we come to know of the Haitian girl who gave herself to the whims of a soldier who she hoped would rescue her and her family from poverty. In the end, however, she only acquired AIDS from the soldier. Farmer relates how petty criminals die in Russian prison, how many people die of tuberculosis and how many people could have been saved if only social institutions were willing to give a little more. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the two works. I will be determining the similarities and differences in their ideas and their treatments of the subject. 2.0 Similarities The most striking similarity between Sen and Farmer is their exposition of the ills of society particularly that of the deprivation of basic necessities. So many people in the world today suffer from ignorance, disease and death because they were not afforded the opportunity to develop themselves. Some of them were even intentionally left in that state due to certain beliefs that actually contain hidden motives. Both authors wanted people to know the affliction that is surreptitiously killing many of our kind. Both authors criticize the existing system of society today due to its complacency towards addressing the plight of millions of people of the world. Sen, for example, attacks the belief system that human rights violation is inherent in Asian culture. According to him, such a system was fabricated to justify authoritarians and totalitarian regimes that hide under the guise of leaders and reformers. In any case, this should not serve as an excuse to deprive the people of the freedom to live their life to the fullest. The main problem in the system that characterize the government and other sectors of society today is that they have become engrossed with "identifying development with the growth of gross national product, or with the rise in personal incomes, or with industrialization, or with technological advance, or with social modernization" when they should have given more importance to "social and economic arrangements (for example, facilities for education and health

Mental Health Issue Depression and the use of herbacology (counsellors Assignment

Mental Health Issue Depression and the use of herbacology (counsellors role) - Assignment Example Medicating an individual for depression can sometimes get in the way of the individual performing normal, everyday duties. Often times, people report that it takes a few weeks at least to get used to their medication, whether herbal or traditional. The counselor must prepare the client for this prior to allowing him or her to take the medication. Preparation should help the patient know what lies ahead (Reynolds, 2001; Edzard, 2004). Therefore, it is important to prepare the patient for this (Firshein, 1997), and to allow the patient to feel comfortable enough to open up and explain his or her struggle while going through this problem. Effective listening should help to give the patient the support he or she needs to get through this stage. The counselor, therefore, needs to check in on the statement and lend an open ear during this time periods (Beckham, 1995; Forsell, 2007). Talking and more importantly, listening are an integral part of good communication skills. Paying attention, understanding verbal and non-verbal cues, being sensitive, and giving constructive feedback all form part of effective listening. This in turn helps form healthy interpersonal and social relationships. In our busy lives today, we may realize this, but seldom have the time and patience to allow the focus to move from our own selves.

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU Sandro Sandri   EXHAUSTION Before explaining exhaustion online with regard to database in the European  Union, we should first start by explaining what exhaustion in an Intellectual Property  context is. 1. a) Definition The exhaustion of intellectual property rights is one of the limits of Intellectual  Property (IP) Law. After a product has been sold under the authorization of the IP owner,  the reselling, rental, lending and other third party commercial uses of IP-protected goods in  domestic and international markets is protected by the principle. Once a product is covered  by an IP right, such as by a patent right, has been sold by the Intellectual Property right  owner or by others with the consent of the owner, the Intellectual Property right is said to  be exhausted. It can no longer be exercised by the owner. This limitation is also referred to  as the Exhaustion Doctrine or First Sale Doctrine. For example, if an inventor obtains a  patent on a new kind of umbrella, the inventor (or anyone else to whom he sells his patent)  can legally prohibit other companies from making and selling this kind of umbrella, but  cannot prohibit customers who have bought this umbrella from the patent owner from  reselling the umbrella to third parties. There is a fairly broad consensus throughout the  world that this applies at least within the context of the domestic market. This is the  concept of National Exhaustion. However, there is less consensus as to what extent the  sale of an Intellectual Property protected product abroad can exhaust the IP rights over this  product in the context of domestic law. This is the concept of Regional exhaustion or  International Exhaustion. The rules and legal implications of the exhaustion largely differ  depending on the country of importation, i.e. the national jurisdiction.   The paternity of the exhaustion theory is ascribed to the German jurist Joseph  Kohler.2 The word  ´exhaustion` seems, however, to have been first used by the German  Reichsgreicht in a number of judgments in the early years of the twentieth century. In a  judgment of 26 March 1902 the Reichsgericht held, for example, that the effect of the  protection conferred by a patent (i.e. the exclusive right to manufacture products covered  with regard to Database in the European Union  by the patent and to put them on the market) was exhausted by the first sale.3 In other  words, once the patent holder had transferred legal ownership of goods made in  accordance with the patent, by selling them to another person, he lost the power to control  the further destiny of those goods subsequently. 1. b) Exhaustion in the European Union   The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has taken serious steps to harmonize the rules  of a Community-wide/regional exhaustion doctrine in the field of copyright law since the  1970s. Schovsbo called the harmonization by the ECJ as 1.-phase development of  exhaustion or negative harmonization, and the creation of directives by the competent  bodies of the EEC (and later the EU) as 2.-phase development or positive  harmonization. The first-ever decision on the exhaustion of distribution rights was handed over in  the famous Deutsche Grammophon case. Here, the ECJ based its decision on different  objectives of the EEC Treaty: the prohibition of partitioning of the market, free movement  of goods, as well as the prohibition of distortions of competition in the common market.   The European Court of Justice highlighted that prohibitions and restrictions on trade  might be applied by Member States, also in cases of copyright law, if they do not constitute  a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member  States6. Based upon these, the European Court of Justice concluded that [i]f a right related  to copyright is relied upon to prevent the marketing in a Member State of products  distributed by the holder of the right or with his consent on the territory of another  Member State on the sole ground that such distribution did not take place on the national  territory, such a prohibition, which would legitimize the isolation of national markets,  would be repugnant to the essential purpose of the Treaty, which is to unite national  markets into a single market. That purpose could not be attained if, under the various legal  systems of the Member States, nationals of those States were able to partition th e market  and bring about arbitrary discrimination or disguised restrictions on trade between Member  States. Consequently, it would be in conflict with the provisions prescribing the free movement of products within the common market for a manufacturer of sound recordings to exercise the exclusive right to distribute the protected articles, conferred upon him by  the legislation of a Member State, in such a way as to prohibit the sale in that State of  products placed on the market by him or with his consent in another Member State solely  because such distribution did not occur within the territory of the first Member State.7  In the EU, the principle of exhaustion of IP rights is as follows. The holder of an  Intellectual Property right loses his absolute right with the first sale in the EU territory. In  other words, the first commercialization of a good in a territory of the European Union  made by the holder of an industrial property right, or by a legitimate licensee, has as a  consequence that that good may freely circulate in Europe, and the legitimate IP holder  may not oppose the successive acts of reselling. Using the wording of the Centrafarm Case:   It cannot be reconciled with the principles of free movement of goods under the  provisions of the Treaty of Rome if a patentee exercises his rights under the legal  provisions of one Member State to prevent marketing of a patented product in said State  when the patented product has been brought into circulation in another Member State by  the patentee or with his consent Again, this is a good example of the function of the law  as a system to solve conflicts: on one side the traditional principle of territoriality of IP  rights; on the other side the aspiration to a common market in favour of international  trade. The aim of the exhaustion theory is to strike a balance between the free movement  of goods on the one hand, and the proprietors exercise of exclusive intellectual property  rights to distribute his goods on the other hand. The holder of an IP right holds therefore   the right to choose where, under which conditions and at which price his goods are put on  the market for the first time. No need to say that international exhaustion allows parallel  imports. The theory of exhaustion obviously improved in the course of time. In order to be  applicable, various conditions have to be met. It requires the consent of the legitimate  holder (consent that may be express or implied). And it also requires that the legitimate  holder receives, with the first sale, a reasonable remuneration. Depending on the  jurisdiction concerned, one often distinguishes between national exhaustion and  international exhaustion. In the European Union the term regional exhaustion is  frequently used. Regional exhaustion, in the EU member States, means that IP rights are  considered exhausted for the territory of the EEA when the product has been put on the  market in any of the EEA Member States.   Once the principle of exhaustion was established, the EU Law incorporated it in  regulations, directives and conventions. For example, art. 7 n. 1 of the First Council  Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to  trade marks (89/104/EEC states that The trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to  prohibit its use in relation to goods which have been put on the market in the Community  under that trade mark by the proprietor or with his consent9. Art. 13 of the Council  regulation (EC) n. 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark states that   A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit its use in relation to  goods which have been put on the market in the Community under that trade mark by the  proprietor or with his consent10.   The Information Society Directive (Directive 2001/29/EC) on the harmonization  of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society refers to this  principle in paragraph 28 and 29. The Directive is a little old in relation to the high speed  of technology, but is still there.11   1. c) The principle of exhaustion in EU Case Law   In Germany, the German Supreme Court (BGH) has repeatedly acknowledged the  exhaustion principle as a precautionary principle for the entire IP law (BGH, 22 January  1964, Maja Case; BGH, 10 April 1997, Sermion II Case).   In France a large number of decisions were reported to deal with the exhaustion  principle (Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation, 9 April 2002 n ° 99/15428,   Cass. Com., 20 February 2007, n ° 05/11088; Cass. Com., 26 February 2008, n ° 05/19087;   Cass. Com., 7 April 2009, n ° 08/13378; CA Paris, 15 June 2011, n ° 2009/12305).   In Austria the principle of exhaustion within the EU was applied even before it was  explicitly mentioned in the Austrian Trade Mark Act (Austrian Supreme Court October 15,  1996).   9 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States  relating to trade marks   10 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009   11 Directive 2001/29/EC   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 2- DATABASE   The protection of electronic databases was first considered by the EC Commission  in the 1998 Green Paper. An initial proposal was adopted on January 29, 1992, and was  greeted, at least in the United Kingdom (which has the largest database industry in the  Community) by a considerable degree of opposition, due to the perceived reduction in  protection for many factual and numerical databases.12   Regarding the concept of database, we should say that it is a collection of  independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and  individually accessible by electronic or other means which can include literary, artistic,  musical or other collections of works or collections of other material such as texts, sound,  images, numbers, facts.13 Databases in the European Union are regulated through Directive  96/9/EC, also known as the Database Directive. It is an European Union Directive in the  field of Intellectual Property Law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty  of Rome. It harmonizes the treatment of databases under copyright law and the sui generis  right for the creators of databases which do not qualify for copyright.   The exhaustion principle does not allow the reproduction of data. The German  Supreme Court has confirmed this: it held that if there is extraction of a substantial part of  the database, there is no exhaustion as exhaustion covers the right of distribution and not  extraction.14 Online electronic databases cannot benefit from the exhaustion principle. The  database must have been sold. If it is given free of charge, the principle of exhaustion does  not apply. The CJEU held this to be so in the field of trademarks in Peak Holding v Axolin-  Elinor and later confirmed it in LOreal v eBay.15 There is no reason why these decisions  would not apply here by analogy as the term used in Article 7(2)(b) is sale. The same  applies to Article 5(c) in the copyright chapter of the Database Directive.   Article 7 furthermore specifies acts of temporary or ephemeral copying as  extraction.112 In contrast to the initial draft, which required a commercial intention,   12 E.C. Intellectual Property Materials, Sweet Maxwells, 1994, 1 (F) Amended Proposals of 4 October 1993  for a Council Directive on the legal protection of databases (COM (93) 464 final SYN 393) [1993] O.J.  C308/1, p. 36 13 Article 7(1) DDir (96/9/EC)   14 Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489   15 Case C-16/03 Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor [2004] ECR I-11313 and Case C-324/09 LOreal v eBay [2011]   ETMR 52   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  consent is required for loading a database into a computer RAM, as this will copy the entire  database. The consequences of prohibiting acts of temporary or even ephemeral copies   such as caching is an inconsistency between online and offline databases. Whereas an  offline database such as a CD-ROM or a smaller database technically requires RAM  storage of a substantial part, accessing a large online database normally merely requires the  copy of the entries accessed to be copied.16   Exhaustion only applies to databases in tangible format. If someone lawfully  acquired a tangible copy of the databases, the right holder will not be able to control its  resale within the European Union. However, in two cases, there will arguably not be  exhaustion. The reason is the use of the narrow word sale and resale. First, there will not  be exhaustion when the right holder gave rather than sold the database. In this case, the  right to control distribution remains. Thus, the sale of a copy of a database distributed  freely by the maker, may infringe.17 The second case is when the purchaser wishes to give  the database instead of reselling it. It seems that, in that case, the gift of the database by the  person who acquired it can also be controlled by the right holder.   It must be noted that, in a recent case, 18the Versailles Court of Appeal surprisingly  held that, for a database producer to benefit from her rights of extraction and reutilization,  she must have asserted it previously, before any infringement act is committed. The  mention of the interdiction to extract or reutilize contents from the database becomes a  condition of opposability of the sui generis right granted to the database maker by Article L.  342-2 of the IPC. The claimant lost her case since she did not make such mention on the  website she created. This decision seems to add a condition which does not exist in the  Directive. The sui generis right is not dependant on any formality.   Two German courts held that the creation of deep links is not an infringement of  the sui generis right19. This is not surprising since it is difficult to see how a deep link is an act  of extraction or reutilization.   Under Article 3, databases which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of  their contents, constitute the authors own intellectual creation are protected by copyright  16 Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the  protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003   17 Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303   18 Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on http://www.legalis.net.   19 SV on line GmbH v Net-Clipping, OLG Munich, 9 November, 2000 [2001] ZUM 255; Handelsblatt v Paperboy,   OLG Cologne, 27 October 2000 [2001] ZUM 414; BGH, 17 July 2003 [2003] Cri.   as collections: no other criterion may be used by Member States. This may be a relaxation  of the criterion for protection of collections in the Berne Convention for the Protection of  Literary and Artistic Works,[2] which covers collections of literary and artistic works and  requires creativity in the selection and arrangement of the contents: in practice the  difference is likely to be slight. Any copyright in the database is separate from and without  prejudice to the copyright in the entries.   Copyright protection is not available for databases which aim to be complete,  that is where the entries are selected by objective criteria: these are covered by sui  generis database rights. While copyright protects the creativity of an author, database rights  specifically protect the qualitatively and/or quantitatively [a] substantial investment in  either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents: if there has not been  substantial investment (which need not be financial), the database will not be protected  [Art. 7(1)]. Database rights are held in the first instance by the person or corporation which  made the substantial investment, so long as: the person is a national or domiciliary of a  Member State or the corporation is formed according to the laws of a Member State and  has its registered office or principal place of business within the European Union.   The holder of database rights may prohibit the extraction and/or re-utilization of  the whole or of a substantial part of the contents: the substantial part is evaluated  qualitatively and/or quantitatively and reutilization is subject to the exhaustion of rights.   Public lending is not an act of extraction or re-utilization. The lawful user of a database  which is available to the public may freely extract and/or re-use insubstantial parts of the  database (Art. 8): the holder of database rights may not place restrictions of the purpose to  which the insubstantial parts are used. However, users may not perform acts which  conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate  interests of the maker of the database, nor prejudice any copyright in the entries. The  same limitations may be provided to database rights as to copyright in databases (Art. 9):  extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database; extraction for  the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is  indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;  extraction and/or re-utilization for the purposes of public security or an administrative or  judicial procedure. Database rights last for fifteen years from the end of the year that the database was  made available to the public, or from the end of the year of completion for private  databases (Art. 10). Any substantial change which could be considered to be a substantial  new investment will lead to a new term of database rights, which could, in principle, be  perpetual. Database rights are independent of any copyright in the database, and the two  could, in principle, be held by different people (especially in jurisdictions which prohibit  the corporate ownership of copyright): as such, database rights can be compared to the  rights of phonogram and film producers.20   3- CONCLUSION The idea of digital first sale doctrine imploded into the mainstream copyright  discussion only a few years ago, although it has already been discussed for almost two  decades. The problem was reflected by academia, case law and legislature as well. Although  notable sources take the view that the concept of digital exhaustion deserves support, the  majority of commentators refused to accept this idea. Likewise, legislative proposals that  were submitted to the German Bundestag and the Congress of the United States, were  ultimately refused by the relevant national parliaments (or were not even discussed by them).   Under the traditional, positivist vision of copyright law, any similar ideas are condemned to  death at the moment, especially in the light of the WCT Agreed Statement. Similarly, the  CJEUs constructive interpretation of the international and regional copyright norms led to  flawed argumentation. However, significant economic, social and technological arguments  support the view that it is time to reconsider at international legislative level.   It looks like it is time to adapt the principle of exhaustion on an online perspective.  Technology goes faster than law, so when the law goes a step forward, a new problem  arises. Streaming and cloud computing are good examples. The majority of Reports  acknowledge the problems, and underline various aspects. The first is that the principle of  exhaustion of intellectual property rights was elaborated and developed in a time when  goods and services were mainly material and sold and distributed through material and  traditional channels. This approach is overturned by the new technologies. The second is  that it is no longer possible to distinguish, as far as the principle of exhaustion is  concerned, but also in general, among industrial property and intellectual property.   Copyright is expanding. The third is that it is more and more difficult to separate and  distinguish traditional industry and online industry as well as material and immaterial goods   20 Intellectual Property Law, Trevor Cook, 2010   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  and services. The majority of the Reports are of the opinion that on-line infringement of  intellectual property rights is normally dealt with the ordinary rules of civil procedure, and  that there is no particular necessity of elaborating new ones. The difficulties of enforcing  decisions abroad against foreign on line infringers in copyright cases are the usual ones,  common in the legal praxis when a decision must be enforced against foreign infringers.21  Dennis S. Karjalas thoughts serve as a great point to finish with. He stressed that  either we believe in the first-sale doctrine in the digital age or we do not. If we no longer  believe in it, we should discard it openly and not through verbal gymnastics interpreting the  definition of copy for the purposes of the statutes reproduction right. Nor should our  definition of copy force systems engineers into unduly intricate or artificial designs simply  to protect the right of the owner of a copy of a music file to transfer that file, provided that  no copies derived from the transferred file are retained.22   21 To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? Avv. Prof.   Vincenzo Franceschelli, 2014.   22 Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013: p. 255.   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union   BIBLIOGRAPHY à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · David T. Keeling, Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Sweet Maxwells, E.C. Intellectual Property Materials à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Trevor Cook, Intellectual Property Law, 2010 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Vincenzo Franceschelli, To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? 2014. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG. 8 June 1971, European Court Reports à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · LOreal v eBay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Directive 2001/29/EC à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation 1 International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/export/international_exhaustion.htm 2 T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; F.-K.   Beier,  ´Grenzen der Erschà ¶pfungslehre im Markenrecht; zur Beurteilung des Vertriebs umgepackter und neu  gekennzeichtner Originawaren in den Là ¤ndern der Europà ¤ischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft.   Exhaustion Online   3 Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. 4 Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1, David T. Keeling, p. 75-76 5 Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. In: Ansgar Ohly: Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law, Mohr Siebeck, Tà ¼bingen, 2010: p. 170. 6 Case 78/70 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG., 8 June 1971, European Court Reports, 1971: pp. 499 500., para. 5-11. Compare to Article 36 of the EEC Treaty. On the application of Article 36 of the EEC Treaty see: Nial Fennelly: Rules and Exceptions: Freedom of Movement and Intellectual Property Rights in the European Union. In: Hugh C. Hansen: International Intellectual Property Law Policy, Volume 5, Juris Publishing, Huntington, 2003: pp. 33-4 33-11. Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 7 Case 78/70, supra note 64, p. 500., para. 12-13.   8 verbatim Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975).   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  

Automobile Suspension Systems :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vehicle suspension is the system of springs and dampers that controls vertical oscillations of the vehicle, determining ride comfort and operating safety. With the technology available today, there are three different functions that can be accomplished with adjustable, electronically controlled suspension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The simplest suspension adjustment is load-leveling used to control ride height for towing and carrying a heavy load in the trunk. Early versions, such as Packards in the fifties, utilized torsion bar rear springs. Ride height was adjusted by rotating the anchored end of the bar with a starter-type motor, a gearbox and heavy bell crank linkage. Since the weight on the front axle doesn’t change much, the motor solenoid was controlled with a simple mercury switch mounted parallel to the frame rail, acting as the rear height sensor. Simple load-leveling suspensions today use air-adjustable springs or shock absorbers, an onboard air compressor and a real ride height sensor that supplies data to a control unit or an onboard computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next function of an electronic suspension is semi-active suspension. Semi- active suspension works by changing spring and/or dampening rate. The control unit receives information about vehicle behavior, interprets that information as road surface condition and driver intent, then adjusts dampening to a programmed level of firmness. Dampening adjustment is usually accomplished with a shock absorber that has several different orifice valves to control the flow of oil, with a solenoid or stepper motor used to control valve selection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally comes the full-active suspension. A fully active system can counteract body motions by actually forcing the suspension to extend in response to measured and anticipated vehicle motion. In many ways, active suspension is simpler than other systems because it doesn’t need exotic shock absorbers or air spring technology, just four hydraulic rams and the attendant valves and plumbing.